Friday, March 29, 2013

Assessment Plan


Assessment Plan
            Utilizing or creating assessments requires educators and teachers to have a great deal of knowledge.  Knowledge in regards to high-stakes testing, Response-To-Intervention, norm-referenced tests and criterion referenced tests, learning outcomes, writing test items, marks and marking systems, and a great deal of statistics play a vital role when assessments are used to provide data to support important educational decisions about a student (Kubiszyn & Borich, 2010).  However, it is important to remember that assessments should measure the learning outcome(s) constructed at the beginning of the unit.  This assessment plan will address some of these aspects.
Purpose and Learning Outcomes
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            A group of third graders will take on various tasks to meet the following learning outcome for a math unit titled “Numbers and Operations.”  Students will engage in performance based activities, gain more understanding and undergo drills and practices through various multimedia methods and educational games.  Through these activities, students will show their understanding of adding and subtracting numbers within 1,000.  The assessment plan will help me ensure that the activities I utilize will help students reach the intended learning outcome.  In addition, the assessment plan will guide me to promote learning in various ways.
Learning Outcome:
\ Given 10 addition and subtraction problems, students will fluently add and subtract within 1,000 with 80% accuracy.
Learning Objectives: Students will be able to …
\ gain knowledge and practice addition and subtraction skills through web-based tutorials.
\ demonstrate and apply knowledge of addition and subtraction with or without regrouping within 1,000 through learning centers, educational games, and drill and practice.
Assessment Context
            Below is a list of activities that my students will engage in to demonstrate their knowledge.
\ Learning Centers
(Image retrieved from http://www.ourclassweb.com/images/pictures/centers/centers_math_center.jpg)
o   Web-based – Students will be provided with links for tutorials to help them gain knowledge about addition and subtraction with or without regrouping, starting with basic addition and then moving up onto bigger concepts such as 2-, 3-, and 4-digit addition and subtraction.  Students will be able to practice the concepts after viewing the tutorial.
§  Khan Academy
·         Basic Addition - https://www.khanacademy.org/math/arithmetic/addition-subtraction/basic_addition/v/basic-addition
·         Basic Subtraction - https://www.khanacademy.org/math/arithmetic/addition-subtraction/basic_addition/v/basic-subtraction
·         2-digit Addition (w/o regrouping) - https://www.khanacademy.org/math/arithmetic/addition-subtraction/two_dig_add_sub/v/addition-2
·         2-digit Subtraction (w/o regrouping) - https://www.khanacademy.org/math/arithmetic/addition-subtraction/two_dig_add_sub/v/subtraction-2
·         Addition (w/ regrouping) - https://www.khanacademy.org/math/arithmetic/addition-subtraction/addition_carrying/v/addition-3
·         Subtraction (w/ regrouping) - https://www.khanacademy.org/math/arithmetic/addition-subtraction/sub_borrowing/v/subtraction-3---introduction-to-borrowing-or-regrouping
·         Multi-digit Addition (w/ regrouping) - https://www.khanacademy.org/math/arithmetic/addition-subtraction/addition_carrying/v/addition-4
·         Multi-digit Subtraction (w/ regrouping) - https://www.khanacademy.org/math/arithmetic/addition-subtraction/sub_borrowing/v/level-4-subtraction
o   Drill
§  Activity Sheets – Students will complete addition and subtraction packets to show their level of knowledge.
o   Practice
§  Take It to Your Seat Math Centers: Hen (Computation) – Students will work with a partner and will create and answer addition and subtraction problems.  Students will copy their problems on an answer form.  Each student will complete four addition and four subtraction problems.
§  Dice Up! – Students will take three dices and roll them all at once to create the first addend.  Student will roll the dice again to create the second addend.  They are to write and solve equations in their notebooks.
§  Activity Sheets – Students will work independently in a learning center.  Teacher will give immediate feedback and students will be allowed to correct answers that were wrong.
o   Educational Games
§  Multi-digit Addition/Subtraction War – Students will use two deck of cards and play using the basic game rules of war.  However, this time students drop 3 cards and add them up.  Whoever has the highest sum gets to keep all the cards.  If subtraction is being played, students will drop two cards down and subtract the highest card from the lowest card.  Whoever has the highest difference gets to keep all the cards.
§  Web-based
·         IXL.com (http://www.ixl.com/math/grade-3) – Students will be able to practice addition and subtraction skills.  Students will be able to conquer challenges and win virtual prizes.  The site saves students’ results so that teachers and parents can monitor their progress.
·         Sheppardsoftware.com (http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/math.htm) – Students will be able to practice and apply addition and subtraction skills through this interactive online educational game.
\ Weekly Assessment – Students will take weekly tests to show level of proficiency.  Below is an example of the assessment.
Name:                                    
Date:                                      
Direction: Add or subtract.  Write the best answer on the line.  Remember to show your work in the space provided.
1.      639 + 102 =
a.       537
b.      629
c.       741
d.      984
2.      356 – 15 =
a.       112
b.      341
c.       568
d.      789
3.      521 + 8 =
a.       529
b.      899
c.       912
d.      953
4.      642 + 149 =
a.       258
b.      649
c.       704
d.      791
5.      746 – 267 =
a.       479
b.      571
c.       628
d.      951
6.      956 – 325 =
a.       631
b.      639
c.       714
d.      803
7.      122 + 805 =
a.       621
b.      912
c.       927
d.      999
8.      412 – 392 =
a.       20
b.      94
c.       180
d.      203
9.      560 + 163 =
a.       678
b.      723
c.       814
d.      857
10.  633 – 251 =
a.       112
b.      365
c.       371
d.      382
The Holistic Rubric
            The following rubric will be used when students are working in their learning centers and/or engaging in educational games.  I will walk around, monitor students, and ask questions.  I will also pull students aside when needed.

Understanding
Planning
Communication
4
Shows complete understanding of addition/subtraction knowledge.
Uses an appropriate and complete strategy for solving the problem.
There is a clear explanation of the solution.  All steps are included.
3
Shows nearly complete understanding of addition/subtraction knowledge.
Uses an appropriate but incomplete strategy for solving the problem.
There is a clear explanation of the solution.
2
Shows some understanding of addition/subtraction knowledge.
Uses an inappropriate strategy or application of strategy is unclear.
There is an incomplete explanation of the solution.
1
Shows limited or no understanding of addition/subtraction knowledge.
Works with no particular strategy for solving the problem.
There is no explanation of the solution.

            In regards to drills and the assessment, students will be marked based on a grading scale.  The following grading scale will be utilized.
Letter Grade
Percent
A
100% - 93%
B
92% - 83%
C
82% - 73%
D
72% - 63%
F
62% - 0%

            Student progress will be monitored on IXL.com.
Testing Constraints
            There will be challenges that may arise as I conduct assessments.  The following are just a few and I will explain how I will address each constraint.
Time
(Image retrieved from http://img.timeinc.net/time/2007/eating/makes_eat/makes_eat_time.jpg)
\ Learning Centers
o   Web-based tutorials – The web-based tutorials will be available for students in a learning center.  Learning centers will be 20 minutes each.  Each student will view the video and practice concepts from the knowledge gained in the tutorial.  There will be some tutorials that will be shown as a whole group activity.  Students will be allowed to practice the whole group tutorial in a learning center.  Students will be allowed to take notes and utilize them during the practice session.
o   Drill – Students will complete activity sheets independently in learning centers for 20 minutes.  Teacher will give immediate feedback and students will be allowed to correct answers.
o   Practice – Students will engage in the following learning centers for 20 minutes.  Teacher will walk around to monitor student learning, ask guided questions, and answer any questions.
§  Take It to Your Seat Math Centers
§   Dice Up!
o   Educational Games – Students will engage in the following learning centers for 20 minutes.  Teacher will walk around to monitor student learning, ask guided questions, and answer any questions.
§  Multi-digit Addition/Subtraction War
§  Web-based
·         IXL.com
·         Sheppardsoftware.com
\ Weekly Assessment – Students will undergo weekly assessments to show level of proficiency.  They will be given 40 minutes to complete the assessment.  Students will only be able to correct answers I grading has been done and recorded.
Reference material
            Students will be allowed to use notes when students are practicing the concepts gained from the web-based tutorials.  Because this task is one of the basis of learning how to add or subtract within 1,000, students will be encouraged to utilize their notes.  On the other hand, students will not be allowed to use notes in the following tasks: drill, practice, educational games, and the assessment.  These tasks require students to apply the knowledge learned.  I will always be available to answer any questions the students may have.
Other people
            Students will be able to ask for help from their peers or teacher when they are engaged in learning center activities.  However, when students are taking their weekly assessments, they cannot ask for help from their peers or teacher.  The assessment is to show their true level of proficiency.  Same goes for learning centers, but learning centers promote collaboration and cooperation amongst learners. 
Equipment
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            Students will be using computers when they are required to watch the tutorials in their learning center.  Students will be able to use calculators to check their answers.  I will be sure to monitor students so that the calculator is not doing the thinking.  Given that the outcome requires them to fluently add and subtract within 1,000, students should demonstrate this using their knowledge.  This will be evident on the weekly assessments.
Prior knowledge of the task
            Students will need to have mastered number concepts such as counting forward, backwards, greater than, less than, equal to, and basic addition and subtraction skills.  Students will have the opportunity to review their basic addition and subtraction skills to help activate prior knowledge.
Scoring criteria
            Students will be graded using the rubric and grading scale provided.  I believe that when students are aware of the expectations, they take ownership of their learning and are held accountable for their grades.

Reference
Addition and Subtraction: Arithmetic and Pre-algebra.  Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/math/arithmetic/addition-subtraction.

Fun Kids Online Math Games.  Retrieved from http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/math.htm.

Kubiszyn, T. & Borich, G. (2010).  Educational testing and measurement: Classroom application and practice (9th ed.).  Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Moore, J. (2002).  Take it to your seat: Math centers (Grades 1 – 3).  Monterey, CA: Evan-Moor Corp.

Third Grade Math Practice.  Retrieved from http://www.ixl.com/math/grade-3.

Sunday, March 10, 2013

Rationale for Test and Essay Items


If you haven't noticed, the "Learning Outcomes" post has been updated.  I included test items and essay items for the instructional objectives.  Below you will find the rationale behind the test and essay items.  If you have any suggestions, please feel free to leave a comment.  I benefit from constructive criticism :)

Rationale for Test and Essay Items
Instructional objective #1 focuses on students being able to add and subtract numbers within 1,000.  Instructional objective #2 focuses on rounding to ten and hundred.  Multiple choice questions suit these objectives because it measures whether a student can add and subtract and round to ten and hundred, and not whether a student can read.  The choices are clear, short, and easy to understand.  Kubiszyn and Borich state, “Be concise – don’t add extraneous information” (pg. 147).  Adding any extra information can cause confusion.  Furthermore, keeping the choices to a minimum and refraining from the choices “all of the above” or “none of the above” eliminates what is known as easy questions (Kubiszyn & Borich, 2010).  Another form of assessment that can address the learning objective is a performance-based assessment for students to show their work.  This helps teachers evaluate their student’s abilities.  When I ask my students to show their work, I walk around asking questions in regards to how they came to their solution.  Although some students can easily see their errors, others need to guidance to see what went wrong in the process.

Instructional objective #3 differs from the others because it requires students to explain their answer in writing.  This could probably be considered as an essay item or performance-based assessment because it requires more thought and explanation.  Kubiszyn & Borich (2010) state that essay items “[aim] to test complex cognitive skills by requiring the student to organize, integrate, and synthesize knowledge, to use information to solve novel problems, or to be original and innovative in problem solving (pg. 158).  Allowing students to show their work and to be able to explain how they came to their solution enables them to view their work which may make it easier for students to generate an explanation.  A multiple choice question was added because it, too, can show whether students can apply pattern skills without having to explain.  This can help address the needs of different learners in my classroom.  Again, the choices are limited to three and involve very few words.  In addition, all choices are in chronological order.  Placing choices in chronological order makes the test item even better (Kubiszyn & Borich, 2010).  Not only does it make the test item better, it helps eliminate confusion and students do not have to jump around looking for answers.  I feel that it would be best if students are aware of the choices being in chronological order.

The essay item constructed for instructional objective #1 is an addition word problem.  As stated in the objectives, students need to fluently add and subtract within 1,000.  Word problems tackle higher-order thinking skills.  The word problem requires comprehension of the question, knowledge to identify addition problem cue words, and the application of addition to complete the word problem.  Because the test’s security is a concern, teachers can change the numerical values in the word problem for separate classes.  Again, students are required to show their work.  This will help students backtrack in the event that changes need to be made.

The essay item constructed for instructional objective #2 requires students to explain the process of rounding whole numbers.  A restricted response was chosen, rather than an extended response, because each student will have his or her explanation.  Students need comprehend the essay item, evaluate the problem, recall and apply the knowledge of rounding for their explanation, and organize their ideas within eight sentences.  Furthermore, restricted response items are mostly utilized to assess levels of knowledge, comprehension, and application (Kubiszyn & Borich, 2010).  Grammar and spelling are not scored because the learning objective is to determine whether students can round whole numbers to tens and hundreds.

Below is an example of what I expect in the essay item:

(Image retrieved from http://schools.nyc.gov/offices/teachlearn/documents/standards/math/es/images/fullsize/E-M-Showcase01.gif)

Reference
Kubiszyn, T. & Borich, G. (2010).  Educational testing and measurement: classroom application and practice (9th ed.).  Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.